With the release of The Birth of a Nation and its pro-Ku Klux Klan message, thousands of Americans found new uses for their old bed. Along the way the authors lay into a host of hot social and cultural issues skewering white supremacists, black nationalists, and everyone in between drawing real blood and real laughs in equal. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915), his employment of a style that is heavily reliant on the conventions of classical narrative storytelling makes such aspirations problematic. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. In the United States, it. S. There is plenty of extracinematic material to chew over in considering Nate Parker’s The Birth of a Nation—the film’s rapturous response at Sundance, the way it rode over the horizon and. D. "The Birth of a Nation" was the big story out of Sundance this year, with Fox Searchlight paying a record $17. ”. Our review: Parents say ( 2 ): Kids say ( 7 ): D. The Birth of a Nation was one of the most important films of all time, both for its technical and aesthetic achievements and for its enduring legacy of racism. “Birth of a Nation” amplifies the type of society we continue to evolve from ~~ suits, social appetites, and greed have replaced ~ White Hoods. The plot of The Birth of a Nation is a two-part chronicle of American history. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation, a landmark film in the history of cinema, premieres at Clune’s Auditorium in Los Angeles. It’s no coincidence that the infamous “The Birth of a Nation” scene that perverts and degrades Black leadership supposedly occurs in 1871, one of the most tumultuous years in Reconstruction. Klansmen ride against the army of occupation in this scene from D. BloomwithBolino. Author and film historian Donald Bogle discusses D. W. Griffith, released a film that would go down as one of the most disturbing representations of black Americans ever, The Birth of a Nation. October 7, 2016 8:00am. The sc. W. W. It is "the first great narrative film," according to Roger Ebert, and. Moi qui pensais avoir un minimum de culture cinématographique. W. Nearly 100 years after its initial release, THE BIRTH OF A NATION remains one of the most controversial films ever made and a landmark achievement in film history that continues to fascinate and enrage audiences. D. It was based on the book The Clansman by Thomas Dixon, Jr. In the United States, it is currently more popular than The Star but less popular than Bill Bellamy: I Want My Life Back. MLK's “The Birth of a New Nation”. W. 28K views 2 years ago. / Street Date May 22, 2018 /Available from the Twilight Time Movies Store /. W. The most cathartic moment. The Stoneman family finds its friendship with the Camerons affected by the Civil War, both fighting in opposite armies. Set against the antebellum South, THE BIRTH OF A NATION follows the story of Nat Turner, a literate slave and preacher (Nate Parker), who leads a fierce rebellion against slavery. The older man, nicknamed Roaring Jake, was a veteran Confederate colonel who had once commanded the 1st Kentucky Cavalry during the Civil. disclaimer: in no way i'm promoting or glorifying the kkk nor the depiction of americans of african decent by posting this movie. When Confederate colonel Ben Cameron is captured in battle, nurse Elsie Stoneman petitions for his pardon. Dixon and President Woodrow Wilson were longtime friends, and he persuaded Wilson to screen the film, retitled “The Birth of a Nation,” at the White. Birth of a Nation,” Nate Parker and Jean Celestin’s portrait of Nat Turner and the slave rebellion he led, emerged from the Sundance Film Festival with a record sale price and plenty of. W. 11/24/2023 4:32 PM PT. The man’s clothes effectively symbolize his savagery. Drama · Downbeat · Inspiring · Sad. (David Wark) Griffith (1875–1948) in 1914 and released the following year, may be the most controversial feature film ever released in the United States. The birth of a nation is a period drama movie directed by Nate Parker and stars Nate Parker, Armie Hammer, Colman Domingo, Aja Naomi King, Penelope Ann Miller, Jackie Earle Haley and Mark Boone Junior in the leads. Walthall, Miriam Cooper. A new documentary, “Birth of a Movement” by PBS’s Independent Lens, takes a look at the indomitable William Monroe Trotter, who led the fight to censure D. ” The liberating spirit of “The Flapper” seems to perennially capture the imagination, especially of my white female students. In D. 5 million was likely in part. The film depicted the South, following the assassination of President Lincoln, as ruled by rapacious African Americans, who by the. The Birth of a Nation Blu-ray Release Date May 22, 2018 (Limited Edition to 3000). Mayer, the second ‘M’ in MGM, made his first fortune in an unsavory place: from The Birth of a Nation, the controversial 1915 silent film that glorified the early history of the Ku Klux Klan. Original title: The Birth of a Nation. A scene from D. Depicting some sort of real-life event, even a devastating one, on screen isn't necessarily a difficult task; what is far. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. One hundred years ago Sunday, the nascent film industry premiered what would go on to be its first blockbuster: The Birth of a Nation. It was a view his film. See a complete list of the characters in Birth of a Nation and in-depth analyses of Colonel Ben Cameron, Elsie Stoneman, Flora Cameron, The Honorable Austin Stoneman, and Silas Lynch. Chapman University's film school on Monday removed two posters of the film The Birth of a Nation following student protests. April 7, 1957. Glenn Frankel reviews “The Birth of a Nation: How a Legendary Filmmaker and a Crusading Editor Reignited America’s Civil War,” by Dick Lehr. D. On February 8, 1915, D. 33. Listes. 5 million, a record. The film was renamed The Birth of a Nation, the "nation" in this case being a reunited United States, reunified by the Ku Klux Klan restoring white rule to the South. The domestic melodrama/epic originally premiered with the title The Clansman in February, 1915 in Los Angeles, California, but three months later was retitled with the present title at its. Griffith ’ s film Birth of a Nation appeared in 1915 to the outrage and dismay of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and other supporters of black Americans ’ citizenship rights. The Birth of a NationFilm still By: D. D. Before the war, during a visit of the Stonemans to the Camerons, Ben Cameron falls in love with Elsie Stoneman, and Phil Stoneman with Margaret Cameron. It also follows the love between the. Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons. Parker named his movie after 1915’s The Birth of a Nation. As a work of art, it is unforgettable; as a social document. This pseudo-historical narrative is known as The Lost Cause of the Confederacy by historians. The faithful servant to the Camerons. believed that America really started and was reborn after the Civil War. W. 26 inches. . Based on. The Birth of Nation is notable for many of its innovative production strategies. A hundred years ago, American film's most infamous film was birthed. On the civil rights front, the Wilson administration pursued regressive policies, working with Southern Democrats to. -65%. Nat Turner, a literate slave and preacher in the antebellum South, orchestrates an uprising. Fox Searchlight. This "Advice Sheet" flyer was distributed with D. The morning after the short-lived 1831 slave rebellion led by Nat Turner begins in Nate Parker’s directorial debut, The Birth of a Nation, a blood. Nate Parker’s The Birth of a Nation tells the story of Nat Turner’s slave rebellion in 1831, commonly known as “Nat’s Fray,” a bloody page from history seldom mentioned in school textbooks. 99 1 New from $20. The Birth Of a Nation. under any circumstance. 16 about the film “The Birth of a Nation” misstated a plot point of the WGN show “Under-ground. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. To begin, the Fox Searchlight film spends nearly. W. The Birth of a Nation. . With Lillian Gish, Mae Marsh, Henry B. Still from the film Birth of a Nation, quoting Woodrow Wilson's belief that the Ku Klux Klan was a positive organization. . It was a triumph — a major victory for the Allied side after a long, bloody stalemate — and a tragedy. titled The Clansman. 8, and on Feb. A century ago, on March 3, 1915, the most reprehensibly racist film in Hollywood history opened in New York. Synopsis: The most successful and artistically advanced film of its time, The Birth of a Nation has also sparked protests, riots, and divisiveness since its first release. December 13, 2015. The new film, The Birth of a Nation (2016) by Nate Parker, and the portrayal of the Nat Turner rebellion seems to be the latest in a long line of films endeavoring to correct the legacy of racist black American portrayals in Hollywood films that originated from the 1915 film of the same name. Summary: Nat Turner, a literate slave and preacher, whose financially strained owner, Samuel Turner, accepts an offer to use Nat's preaching to subdue unruly slaves. The Birth of a Nation’s relationship to history is especially fascinating and complicated. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation to theaters when the film was released in 1915. Film historian Thomas Cripps. The movie has moved down the charts by -191 places since yesterday. Country: South Korea. Introduction: the legacy of The Birth of a Nation - Jenny Barrett, Douglas Field and Ian Scott 1 Black faces in The Birth of a Nation: D. The Birth of a Nation. The Birth of a Nation: Original Motion Picture Score is the score album to the 2016 film of the same name directed by Nate Parker. The Birth of a Nation, which opened in March 1915, was simultaneously a landmark in the history of American cinema and a landmark in American racism. It’s success catapulted director D. The Birth of a Nation is a 1915 silent drama movie. Re-released 1930 with musical soundtrack. When we teach the history of Reconstruction, The Birth of a Nation is often required viewing, precisely because it is one of the cultural products that helped. His greatness is predicted from infancy in a ceremony. It is the epic story of two families, one northern and one southern, during and after the Civil War. The film was America’s first feature. the. This file is in MP4 format and has been verified to be working correctly. She enters from screen left into a small clearing in a heavily forested landscape. . Nate Parker’s film “The Birth of a Nation” is an impassioned and aesthetically distinct reflection on Nat Turner’s life. . The Birth of a Nation (1915), color-toned black & white, 187 minutes, not rated, with [Filmed Prologue to The Birth of a Nation] (1930), black & white, 6 minutes, not rated, In the Border States (1910), black & white, 16 minutes, not rated, The House with Closed Shutters (1910), black & white, 17 minutes, not rated, The. James was a senior. Flora Cameron. Uses Fact and Fiction. In this case, the State's right to own people and treat them as less than human. It is widely recognized as a blueprint for the feature-length movie and as a showcase for Griffith's Tolstoyan command. That it is a mirror of its time is, sadly, one of its values. Agora HillsMy Love Mine All MineMockingbirdCan’t Catch Me NowFirst Person ShooterView All. On February 8th, 1915, D. Branded a bona fide triumph at Sundance, Nate Parker’s The Birth of a Nation has taken a noticeable dive in the minds of critics since its festival debut in January. Several of the novel's events, including the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and the. W. A large, rotund housekeeper, Mammy moans loudly and makes broad gestures. Griffith, Frank E. Editor’s Note: Nate Parker has been of two minds about the historical grounding of his film, The Birth Of A Nation, which tells a story based on the Nat Turner slave revolt of 1831. January 31, 2016. Editor’s Note: Nate Parker has been of two minds about the historical grounding of his film, The Birth Of A Nation, which tells a story based on the Nat. The Birth of a New Nation. In 2013, 12 Years a Slave road a wave of superlative reviews, nine Oscar nominations, and a history-making win for Best Picture, to earn $56. 1 reference. m. " "I love the comparison. As the house lights dimmed and. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation provides an important opportunity to explore the film’s impact upon culture and politics in the United States. The Birth of a Nation: Directed by D. “The Birth of a Nation” had premiered in Los Angeles on Feb. Aaron McGruder, Reginald Hudlin, Kyle Baker (Illustrator) 3. This book includes commentary and artifacts on the making of the film The Birth of a Nation by one of the primary investor/producers and incorporates a call to deemphasize the problematic racial representations and regard the film for its overall influence as a work of master cinema. It was the longest and most-profitable film then produced and the most artistically advanced film. Griffith fought hard on behalf of his film. " The film was a treatment of a novel and play, The Clansman, which depicted the Ku Klux Klan as. A century after its release, “The Birth of a Nation” still impresses with its technical artistry, and appalls with its racism and nativism. It is also one of the most seen and most influential of all films released anywhere in any period. D. $17. Bitzer. . The most cathartic moment. The film corresponded to the historical record, but by 1915 the historic record had been altered. Ranked: daisy. As the film moved from major population centers to smaller ones throughout the country, so too did the protests and countless meetings between local NAACP leaders and mayors, city councils, censors, and governors. The Birth of a Nation is three hours of racist propaganda — starting with the Civil War and ending with the Ku Klux Klan riding in to save the South from black rule during the Reconstruction era. That usage inspired the use in the novel The Clansman, upon which Birth of a Nation is based. Rotten Tomatoes average rating. Reporting from the front lines of Mohammed bin Salman's stupefyingly ambitious mass experiment in modernization, reform, and control. Caroline V. Woods and produced the film with Harry Aitken. Set against the antebellum South, THE BIRTH OF A NATION follows Nat Turner (Nate Parker), a literate slave and preacher, whose financially strained owner, Samuel Turner (Armie Hammer), accepts an offer to use Nat’s preaching to subdue unruly slaves. Set against the antebellum South, THE BIRTH OF A NATION follows Nat Turner (Nate Parker), a literate slave and preacher, whose financially strained owner, Samuel Turner (Armie Hammer), accepts an offer to use Nat’s preaching to subdue slaves. September 1, 2015. W. , in 1914. 1/10. The rise of the second KKK was fueled in large part by the 1915 film "The Birth of a Nation," which was a fictional and highly racist depiction of Reconstruction that portrays the first KKK, which. It’s just as shocking now as it was then. By Allyson Hobbs. Griffith’s disgustingly racist yet titanically original 1915 feature—back. “ McFarland USA ,” opening this weekend, is a sports movie, but director. The Birth of a Nation was the first film to screen inside the White House on February 18, 1915, and that screening, along with a screening the following day in Washington, DC, which featured many government officials in attendance (including all nine Justices on the Supreme Court) was used by Griffith in promotion and advertising as an. W. The Birth Of a Nation. W. . Not only was he one of the first black men to attend Harvard. " "[D]runk with wine and power," his maddening ambition for political dominion seethes over into theSome may not know that the title “Birth of a Nation” is a play on words. W hen The Birth of a Nation premiered at the Sundance film festival in January, it was met with a warm reception. 8 million [2] The Birth of a Nation is a 2016 American period drama film written and directed by Nate Parker in his directorial debut. At times, The Birth of a Nation is positively brilliant, with a power like a punch to the gut. The Birth of a Nation, landmark silent film starring Lillian Gish, released in 1915, that was the first blockbuster Hollywood hit. Griffith based his film on “The Clansman,” a book by Thomas Dixon. . setting (time) Antebellum America; the Civil War; and the Reconstruction period. At times, The Birth of a Nation is positively brilliant, with a power like a punch to the gut. The Birth of a Nation, perhaps one of the most controversial movies in U. date of release. Editor’s Note: Nate Parker has been of two minds about the historical grounding of his film, The Birth Of A Nation, which tells a story based on the Nat. With the official opening of the film under the title The Clansman. By Emily St. ’s novel and play The Clansman. Gerstle, American Crucible, pp. Griffith, starring famous silent film actress Lillian Gish, The Birth of a Nation is one of Hollywood's first great "epic" films. Last November he published Birth of a Nation: How a Legendary Filmmaker and a Crusading Editor Reignited America’s Civil War. Last week, a new historical-drama hit theaters worldwide, and has garnered much attention since. Mayer, then the owner of. En amont de la Guerre Civile américaine, Nat Turner, un prédicateur et esclave cultivé, échaffaude un plan vers la liberté. 30, 2016 3 AM PT. Sundance: 'Birth of a Nation' Sets Record With $17. Rotten Tomatoes ID. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. Triangle. Fox Searchlight, having paid the highest price in its history, $17. Getting “The Birth of a Nation” banned or censored was the goal of Monroe Trotter, the “crusading editor” of Lehr’s subtitle. In one scene, a room filled with empty desks flickers, and then, thanks to a bit of movie magic, fills with black men who’ve been elected to the state legislature. At the time Griffith made Birth of A Nation, there was a huge surge in Lost Cause beliefs and activity. The Birth of a Nation was released on 8 February 1915. Griffith 's The. Instead, Scott was forced to accept funding from white investors due to. Nat Turner, a literate slave and preacher in the antebellum South, orchestrates an uprising. She can be reached via email at emma. W. Griffith planned and executed a film with scope and complexity that far exceeded any previous film. Nate Parker directs, writes and stars, and the film arrives following controversy over a. 3, 2016, 11:29 a. Listes. by landmarkcases. FILE - In this Sept. This official tie-in to the highly acclaimed film, The Birth of a Nation, surveys the history and legacy of Nat Turner, the leader of one of the most renowned slave rebellions on American soil, while also exploring Turner’s relevance to contemporary dialogues on race relations. 99. The Birth of a Nation Story. Vimy Ridge. The Birth of a Nation (1915), color-toned black & white, 187 minutes, not rated, with [Filmed Prologue to The Birth of a Nation] (1930), black & white, 6 minutes, not rated, In the Border States (1910), black & white, 16 minutes, not rated, The House with Closed Shutters (1910), black & white, 17 minutes, not rated, The Fugitive (1910), black & white, not rated. Episodes: 2. She responds to each challenge with a noble heart, a sense of humor, and a bottomless reservoir of emotion. The artist could turn to Thomas R. The Birth of a Nation, originally called The Clansman, is a 1915 American silent epic drama film directed by D. In regards to the racist legacy of the 1915…. A century after its release, “The Birth of a Nation” still impresses with its technical artistry, and appalls with its racism and nativism. The domestic melodrama/epic originally premiered with the title The Clansman in February, 1915 in Los Angeles, California, but three months later was retitled with the present title at its. Which aspects of the film are. 5 million for Parker's rapturously received little-indie-that-could, clearly in hopes. October 7, 2016 8:00am. March 3, 2015 1:45 PM EST. As he witnesses countless atrocities - against himself and his fellow slaves - Nat. A century later it’s regarded as a landmark in cinema history – and terribly bigoted. Griffith’s The Birth of Nation (then under its original title, The Clansman) premiered at Clunes Auditorium in Los Angeles, with a full symphony orchestra playing live. Author Dick Lehr descibes a scene from the film "The Birth of a Nation" that depicts white southerners' stereotyping and fears of black. On August 21, 1831. Rotten Tomatoes. They have a diverse network of contacts and new options. He has become the leader of a rising "black South. . Many years after Africans are brought in chains to America, the nineteenth century abolitionists demand that the Africans' descendants be freed. 09. Birth of a Movement: How William M. And the kind that, frankly, I’m. Woods and produced the film with Harry Aitken . W. The scene depicts the "renegade Negro," Gus, played by white actor Walter Long in blackface, in the hands of the Klan, from. Although the spring water she seeks would supposedly be within walking distance from her house, in this shot she seems. Griffith's "Birth of a Nation" filmed in Hollywood, Calif. The Jewish businessmen, nearly all of whom were mercantile. Watchlist. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. , D. VOIR LES 85 CRITIQUES. Still courtesty of AP/Wide World Photos. Which is why the Confeder. $131,777. USA, 1915. Nate Parker's “The Birth of a Nation,” a retelling of the 1831 slave rebellion led by Nat Turner, could not be more timely. The Forgotten: D. The Birth of a Nation, originally called The Clansman, is a 1915 American silent epic drama film directed by D. C'est mon dernier mot, Jean-Pierre. 1915. It was a formula that made sense economically. Nate Parker’s Nat Turner biopic The Birth of a Nation takes a fascinatingly complicated history and simplifies it into. The Birth of a Nation is 15899 on the JustWatch Daily Streaming Charts today. Griffith attempts a comedy of manners in “Battle of the Sexes,” a late silent from the tail end of his fame. The Birth of a Nation est un film de Nate Parker. stated in. Nate Parker‘s historical epic is poised to run the Oscar table come fall. This is the full 1080p version of the classic Birth of a Nation. Griffith and. Ultimately, the Civil War was about States Rights. The Birth of a Nation was re-released in 1924, 1931, and 1938 , so it remained in the minds of film lovers and human rights activists for decades. The Birth of a Nation is 44514 on the JustWatch Daily Streaming Charts today. Bradycardia is a heart rate less than 100 bpm. Rele. W. Griffith's art and the African American actor - Corin Willis 2 The afterlife of stereotype: Kara Walker, Kehinde Wiley, DJ Spooky and The Birth of a Nation - Robert Burgoyne 3 Kunle Olulode in conversation with Dr Jenny. Récentes. To begin, the Fox Searchlight film spends nearly. Surely adults can see that something despicable can still be historically relevant. A summary of Part X (Section3) in D. Paperback. PopPolitics: What ‘McFarland USA’ Says About Immigration; ‘Birth of a Nation’ at 100 (Listen) By Ted Johnson. Elsie Stoneman. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Birth of a Nation and what it. Griffith's infamous, controversial 1915 movie -- and the result is just as significant, rousing, and imperfect. From this association, among other films, came The Birth of a Nation. Emily St. A. W. Director: D. Walthall, Miriam Cooper. Woods and produced the film with Harry Aitken. Griffith 's The Birth of a Nation is as much a part of film history as the Civil War is a part of American history. Available on iTunes. W. 5 October 2021. In the century since it ended, on 12 April 1917, it has. m. . 5M Sale to Fox Searchlight “It was almost like confirmation: People are ready for this movement, even more so than they are for the film. Based on the novel The Clansman, the NAACP moved to ban the movie, and one reader wrote to a newspaper that the film was so “hideously insidious…that if any nation except the Negroes were made the victim of their. Before the Spaniards there was no Philippine nation. Ficha: Clásico del cine mudo que narra los acontecimientos más. The racist movie, directed by D. W. October 3, 2016. Produced for $112,000, an enormous figure at the time, by acclaimed silent movie. Griffith into stardom while cementing the film, a piece of racist propaganda, into the annals of film history. The Birth of a Nation. Ashley Clark. The Birth of a Nation: Directed by Klaus Wyborny. Griffith’s blatantly racist film The Birth of a Nation debuted in Los Angeles, California. W. W. The kind that is depicted in The Birth of a Nation, Nate Parker’s much anticipated and equally maligned slave rebellion film that opened over the weekend. “The Birth of a Nation” arrives amid a resurgence in movies about slavery. 1,995 1 h 59 min 2016. “The Birth of a Nation,” set in the 1800s, tells the story of Nat Turner, leader of the deadliest slave rebellion in American. ” Enlarge this image. W. The Birth of a Nation Official Trailer #1 (2016) - Nate Parker Movie HDSubscribe to TRAILERS: Subscribe to COMING SOON: against the antebellum South, THE BIRTH OF A NATION follows Nat Turner, a literate slave and preacher, whose financially strained owner, Samuel Turner, accepts an offer to use Nat's preaching to subdue unruly slaves. Griffith co-wrote the screenplay with Frank E. It’s a quick scene but its intentions are unmistakable: Lee is evoking D. The birth of cinema was brutal and ugly, and the photographic evidence comes with a health warning attached. An analysis of the classic film Birth of a NationD. The film separates the relationships into two distinct kinds: those borne from a divine plan and those. Em 22 de fevereiro de 2000, em um artigo chamado "A Painful Present as Historians Confront a Nation's Bloody Past", a escritora do jornal escreveu no Los Angeles Times: "O final da primeira guerra trouxe uma crise econômica e a febre antivermelha que se estendeu para minorias e sindicatos. The Great Gatsby C. And when I say met, I really mean it. “Birth of a Nation” was a racist film that celebrated the Ku Klux Klan and which was well-received in 1915. That is worth knowing. Courtesy. with the only thing drier than the turkey being his. In 1915, D. Dimensions : 9. After the Klan's victory over Silas Lynch, all is right in the world as it exists inside D. Everyone who cares about film must eventually come to The Birth of a Nation. Released in 1915, it was a milestone of early cinema that helped. The movie is. When Confederate colonel Ben Cameron is captured in battle, nurse Elsie Stoneman petitions for his pardon. The Birth of a Nation, originally called The Clansman, is a 1915 American silent epic drama film directed by D. 6. By one account, Birth of a Nation amassed a global box office of $50 million in 1915 ($1. Each cinematic re-release was met with a new round of pickets and protests. Trailer: See the Film That Broke Records at Sundance. In this deeply researched and vividly written volume, Melvyn Stokes illuminates the origins, production, reception and continuing history of this ground-breaking, aesthetically brilliant, and yet highly controversial movie. Griffith. date of release. D. . It was the first film to use hundreds of extras to re-create battle scenes. The fact that The Birth of a Nation is the first American epic film compels its inclusion. Griffith - Birth of a Nation, Intolerance, Filmmaker: In 1913 Griffith left Biograph and entered into an agreement with Mutual Films for the direction and supervision of motion pictures. W. Aired: Nov 1, 2021. David Cairns 17 Feb 2016. That is simply not true. Illustration by Keith Negley. 2016. The Birth of a Nation. Histoire vraie, tirée de faits réels.